Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Matthew Coon Come

    Matthew Coon Come, OC, Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Crees (1987–99, 2009–17), National Chief of AFN (2000–03); activist, environmentalist (born in 1956 near Mistissini, Quebec). Matthew Coon Come was Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Crees for 20 years and served one term as National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations. He achieved national and international fame through his successful opposition to the James Bay hydroelectric project in the 1990s, his assertion of Cree self-determination, and his advocacy for Indigenous self-determination across the world.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/917e6241-f79f-4590-a68b-802eb71e1c5f.jpg Matthew Coon Come
  • Article

    Maude Abbott

    Maude Elizabeth Seymour Abbott, cardiac pathologist, physician, curator (born 18 March 1868 in St. Andrews East, QC; died 2 September 1940 in Montreal, QC). Maude Abbott is known as the author of The Atlas of Congenital Cardiac Disease (1936), a groundbreaking text in cardiac research. Though Abbott graduated in arts from McGill University (1890), she was barred from studying medicine at McGill because of her gender. Instead, she attended Bishop’s College (now Bishop’s University), earning a medical degree in 1894. As assistant curator of the McGill Medical Museum (1898), and curator (1901), she revolutionized the teaching of pathology by using the museum as an instructional tool. Abbott’s work paved the way for women in medicine and laid the foundation for modern heart surgery. (See also Women in STEM).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/maude-abbott/Dr. Maude Abbott, Montreal, QC, 1904.jpg Maude Abbott
  • Article

    Maurice Pollack Foundation

    Maurice Pollack Foundation. Established in 1955 by Maurice Pollack (merchant, philanthropist, b Kanele, Kiev, 28 Jan 1885, d Quebec City 16 Dec 1968). After arriving in Canada in 1902, Pollack settled in Quebec City, where he opened a department store and became prosperous.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Maurice Pollack Foundation
  • Article

    Max Stern

    Max Stern, CM, art dealer, gallery owner (born 18 April 1904 in München-Gladbach [now Mönchengladbach], Germany; died 28 May 1987 in Paris, France). Max Stern was a Jewish art dealer and gallery owner. He fled Nazi persecution in Germany before the Second World War. By the late 1940s, he and his wife owned the prestigious Dominion Gallery in Montreal. It was one of the first galleries to champion Canadian artists. In his later years, Stern spent much of his time tracking down artworks that had belonged his family. That effort continues through the Max Stern Art Restitution Project.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Max_Stern_in_Germany-_c._1925.jpg Max Stern
  • Article

    Maxime Fortin

    Maxime Fortin, parish priest, editor, Catholic union organizer (b at St-Aubert, Qué 17 Mar 1881; d at St-Jean-Port-Joli, Qué 4 Aug 1957).

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Maxime Fortin
  • Article

    Mayo Singh

    Mayan Singh Manhas (Mayo Singh), lumber baron, founder of the Mayo Lumber Company, founder of the town of Paldi, franchise advocate, philanthropist (born 1888 in Paldi, District Hoshiarpur, East Punjab, India; died 23 February 1955 in Paldi, BC). As a founder of the Mayo Lumber Company, Singh became a wealthy lumber baron (see Lumber and Wood Industries). He challenged race-based immigration policies and disenfranchisement. Singh supported hospitals, schools and community projects in his adopted country and his birthplace in India. Paldi, the town he established on Vancouver Island and its gurdwara (temple), remains a cultural and spiritual touchstone for the South Asian community.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/MayoSingh/MayoSinghPortrait.jpg Mayo Singh
  • Article

    Pauline Emily McGibbon

    Pauline Emily McGibbon, née Mills (born at Sarnia, Ont 20 Oct 1910, died at Toronto 14 Dec 2001).

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Pauline Emily McGibbon
  • Article

    McIvor Case

    The McIvor v. Canada case was about gender discrimination in section 6 of the 1985 Indian Act, which deals with Indian status. Sharon McIvor — a woman who regained status rights after the passing of Bill C-31 in 1985 — was not able to pass on those rights to her descendants in the same way that a man with status could. In her case against the federal government, the British Columbia Supreme Court ruled in 2007 that section 6 did, in fact, deny McIvor’s equality rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In response to this case, the federal government introduced new legislation (Bill C-3) in 2011 to counter gender discrimination in the Indian Act.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/McIvorCase/McIvor.jpg McIvor Case
  • Article

    Measha Brueggergosman

    Measha Brueggergosman (née Gosman), soprano, (born 28 June 1977 in Fredericton, NB).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/325feed9-e800-4ad2-bb56-fd829d0db712.jpg Measha Brueggergosman
  • Article

    Mennonites

    The first Mennonites in Canada arrived in the late 18th century, settling initially in Southern Ontario. Today, almost 200,000 Mennonites call Canada home. More than half live in cities, mainly in Winnipeg.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/ad187d7a-1c31-469a-99a0-e4bd136ac3ea.jpg Mennonites
  • Article

    Métis

    Métis are people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, and one of the three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The use of the term Métis is complex and contentious, and has different historical and contemporary meanings. The term is used to describe communities of mixed European and Indigenous descent across Canada, and a specific community of people — defined as the Métis Nation — which originated largely in Western Canada and emerged as a political force in the 19th century, radiating outwards from the Red River Settlement (see Métis Are a People, Not a Historical Process and The “Other” Métis). While the Canadian government politically marginalized the Métis after 1885, they have since been recognized as an Aboriginal people with rights enshrined in the Constitution of Canada and more clearly defined in a series of Supreme Court of Canada decisions.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/254ae37e-4c7d-44d9-8b00-073d5d80a1b2.jpg Métis
  • Collection

    Métis

    This collection features content related to Métis communities in Canada.Through the use of videos, articles and more, it explores issues concerning Métis history, identity and culture.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/8422126e-7f18-4afa-bcb5-87c5f1e6825a.jpg Métis
  • Editorial

    Métis Are a People, Not a Historical Process

    In the interest of promoting a better understanding of the complex issue of Métis identity and how it is defined, The Canadian Encyclopedia has commissioned two opinion pieces exploring different perspectives on the topic. This article explores Métis identity from the perspective of Métis with ancestral ties to the Red River Settlement. For another perspective on Métis identity, see The "Other" Métis.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/cbb299c8-c0b7-460c-add9-2e245342dc9b.jpg Métis Are a People, Not a Historical Process
  • Article

    Métis Experiences at Residential School

    Although the first residential schools in Canada were established with the intention of assimilating First Nations children into Euro-Canadian culture, Métis and Inuit children were also institutionalized in such facilities. Métis children experienced similar day-to-day conditions to those of other students in residential schools, but they were often considered “outsiders” by their peers and administrators. This perception affected their experiences within these institutions in particular ways.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/MetisExperiences/Webp.net-resizeimage.jpg Métis Experiences at Residential School
  • Article

    Métis National Council

    The Métis National Council represents more than 350,000 members of the Métis Nation, defined as Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and parts of Ontario, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories. It emerged during the intense constitutional debate over Aboriginal rights in the early 1980s. The Métis National Council continues to champion a culturally and politically distinct Métis Nation with roots in Western Canada, and with outstanding claims to self-government, land and other Aboriginal rights.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4de10db1-6b8b-45ef-a60a-55998c7afca0.jpg Métis National Council