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  • Article

    National Chiefs of the Assembly of First Nations

    Assembly of First Nations The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a political advocacy organization that represents First Nations across Canada. In 1967, eight provincial Indigenous organizations formed the National Indian Brotherhood. This organization contributed to conversations surrounding the 1969 White Paper and other federal policies. In 1982, amid the Constitutional Conferences surrounding the rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada, the National Indian Brotherhood became the Assembly of First Nations. The AFN represents over 600...

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  • Article

    National Council of Women of Canada

    The National Council of Women of Canada (NCWC), founded in 1893, is one of Canada’s oldest advocacy groups. A non-partisan federation of voluntary women’s organizations, it is a member of the International Council of Women.

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  • Table

    Canada National Curling Champions Men (Brier)

    Prior to 1980 (when playoff format was introduced), the round robin champion won the Brier. Scores for tie-breaking final games are shown for this period (1927 to 1979). Due to the Second World War, there was no Brier from 1943 to 1945. Year Host Champion Team Team Members Record Gold Medal Game 1927 Toronto, ON Nova Scotia Murray MacNeill Al MacInnes Cliff Torey Jim Donahoe 6–1 N/A 1928 Toronto, ON Manitoba Gordon Hudson Sam Penwarden...

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  • Table

    Canada National Curling Champions Women (Scotties Tournament of Hearts)

    Year Host Champion Team Team Members Record Gold Medal Game Note: Prior to 1979 (when playoff format was introduced), the round robin leader won the championship. Scores for tie-breaking final games are shown for this period. 1961 Ottawa, ON Saskatchewan Joyce McKee Sylvia Fedoruk Barbara MacNevin Rosa McFee 9–0 N/A 1962 Regina, SK British Columbia Ina Hansen Ada Callas Isabel Leith May Shaw 9–0 N/A 1963 Saint John, NB New Brunswick Mabel DeWare Harriet Stratton...

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  • Article

    National Energy Board

    The National Energy Board was established 1959 under the National Energy Board Act.

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  • Article

    National Energy Program

    The National Energy Program (NEP) was an energy policy of the government of Canada from 1980 through 1985. Its goal was to ensure that Canada could supply its own oil and gas needs by 1990. The NEP was initially popular with consumers and as a symbol of Canadian economic nationalism. However, private industry and some provincial governments opposed it. A federal-provincial deal resolved controversial parts of the NEP in 1981. Starting the next year, however, the program was dismantled in phases. Global economic conditions had changed such that the NEP was no longer considered necessary or useful. The development of the oil sands and offshore drilling, as well as the rise in Western alienation and the development of the modern Conservative Party of Canada, are all aspects of the NEP’s complicated legacy.

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  • Article

    National Farmers Union

    The National Farmers Union, founded 1969, was a voluntary organization of farm families. The NFU is democratically structured to assure members full control at all levels.

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  • Article

    National Flag of Canada

    The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Canadian Flag or the Maple Leaf Flag (l’Unifolié in French), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in which sits a stylized, 11-pointed red maple leaf. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons voted for the present flag in 1964 against formidable odds. After months of debate, the final design, adopted by Parliament and approved by royal proclamation, became Canada’s official national flag on 15 February 1965.

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  • Editorial

    Flag of Canada: Alternate Designs

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. A national flag is a simple, effective way of identifying a country and expressing its collective will and sovereignty. Its symbolism should be expansive, representing perspectives from across the country. But it should also be singular, offering a picture of unity. For almost a century, Canada did not fly a flag of its own. There were instead the Union Jack and the Canadian Red Ensign. They took turns flying above Parliament. But neither was distinctly Canadian, nor permanent. The issue of a new flag was raised in Parliament in 1925 and again in 1945. It was dropped both times due to a lack of consent. Some clung to tradition, and none could agree on a unifying symbol. When Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson re-opened the debate in 1964, he offered Canadians the chance to “say proudly to the world and to the future: ‘I stand for Canada.’” A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was assembled to decide on a suitable design. After months of vigorous debate, the final design was unfurled at Parliament Hill on 15 February 1965. The design process was open to the public. Thousands of suggestions were submitted. This article looks at 12 of those designs. It includes explanations for the symbols found in each. The designs express a vision for Canada, still young and still finding its mode of self-expression.

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  • Article

    National Hockey League (NHL)

    The National Hockey League (NHL) is a men’s professional ice hockey league. Widely recognized as the world’s premier hockey league, it was established in Montréal, Québec, in 1917. The league currently includes 31 franchises: 7 in Canada and 24 in the United States. The Canadian teams are the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Ottawa Senators, Winnipeg Jets, Edmonton Oilers, Calgary Flames and Vancouver Canucks. Teams compete annually for the Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America.

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  • Timelines

    National Hockey League

    The National Hockey League (NHL) was established in Montréal on 26 November 1917.

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  • Article

    National Holidays

    The derivation of the three Christian holidays needs no explanation. New Year's Day, January 1, marks the beginning of the new year.

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  • Article

    National Income

    National income, strictly, is a money measure of the incomes received or accruing to residents of a country as owners of the agents of production, during a specified period of time.

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  • Article

    National Indian Brotherhood

    See Assembly of First Nations. 

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  • Article

    National Order of Québec (Ordre national du Québec)

    The National Order of Québec (Ordre national du Québec) was instituted 20 June 1984.

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