Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Métis Road Allowance Communities

    Road allowance communities were home to Métis families throughout the late 1800s until the mid- to late 1900s. Métis peoples used the road allowances as new home communities after experiencing relocations, migrations and dispossession from their homelands. After resistance and violence in a period during and after the Riel Resistance of 1869–1870 and the North–West Resistance in 1885, Métis were marginalized and labelled as rebellious or troublesome by the government of Canada and the provinces.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/RoosterTownFamily.jpg Métis Road Allowance Communities
  • Article

    Métis Scrip in Canada

    Scrip is any document used in place of legal tender, for example a certificate or voucher, where the bearer is entitled to certain rights. In 1870, the Canadian government devised a system of scrip — referred to as Métis scrip — that issued documents redeemable for land or money. Scrip was given to Métis people living in the West in exchange for their land rights. The scrip process was legally complex and disorganized; this made it difficult for Métis people to acquire land, yet simultaneously created room for fraud. In March 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the federal government failed to provide the Métis with the land grant they were promised in the Manitoba Act of 1870. Negotiations between various levels of government and the Métis Nation concerning the reclamation of land rights continue.

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  • Article

    History of Métis Settlements in Canada

    Métis communities are found across Canada; however, the only legislated Métis land base is in Alberta. Eight Métis settlements are located across the northern and central-eastern part of the province: Paddle Prairie, Peavine, Gift Lake, East Prairie, Buffalo Lake, Kikino, Elizabeth and Fishing Lake. As of 2016, the settlements cover 512,121 hectares of land and are home to approximately 5,000 people. The Métis Settlements are self-governing and provide for the protection of Métis culture and identity.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/MetisSettlementsFlag/Metis_Settlements_Flag.gif History of Métis Settlements in Canada
  • Article

    Michael Anthony Fleming

    Fleming, Michael Anthony, Roman Catholic bishop of Newfoundland (b at Carrick-on-Suir, Ire 1792?; d at St John's 14 July 1850). A Franciscan priest, Fleming came to St John's in 1823.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Michael Anthony Fleming
  • Article

    Michael Francis Fallon

    Michael Francis Fallon, Roman Catholic bishop (b at Kingston, Canada W 17 May 1867; d at London, Ont 22 Feb 1931).

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Michael Francis Fallon
  • Article

    Michael Lee-Chin

    Michael Lee-Chin, businessman, investor and philanthropist (born 3 January 1951 in Port Antonio, Jamaica). Lee-Chin is president and chairman of Portland Holdings, a private investment company. According to Canadian Business magazine, Lee-Chin has an estimated net worth of more than $3.95 billion (as of 2017) and was ranked the 20th wealthiest Canadian. He is also one of the richest Jamaicans. Lee-Chin is also a dedicated philanthropist and has pledged and donated more than $60 million to hospitals, universities and, most notably, the Royal Ontario Museum, where the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal is named in honour of his $30-million pledge.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/ac247c49-c1db-47bd-9172-101899c7039f.jpg Michael Lee-Chin
  • Article

    Michael Ondaatje

    Often based on the unorthodox lives of real people, Michael Ondaatje's poetry and prose is characterized by its preoccupation with multiculturalism and its gravitation toward the bizarre, the exaggerated, and the unlikely.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/79bebd1f-bff0-4548-b7b2-950c90c91e8f.jpg Michael Ondaatje
  • Macleans

    Michael Ondaatje Interview

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on September 9, 2002. Partner content is not updated. Canadian author Michael Ondaatje is an avid film buff. And as he watched his novel The English Patient being adapted for the screen, he became fascinated with the mind of the movie's Oscar-winning editor.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Michael Ondaatje Interview
  • Macleans

    Michael Sabia (Profile)

    In her day, the late Laura Sabia was never shy about poking establishment noses. Tart and outspoken, the founding president of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women in 1972 was a champion upender of the status quo.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on June 3, 2002

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Michael Sabia (Profile)
  • Article

    Michaëlle Jean

    Michaëlle Jean, social activist, journalist, documentary filmmaker, governor general of Canada 2005–2010, secretary general of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 2014–2019 (born 6 September 1957 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3d69059c-caed-4996-be72-7ab27510f014.jpg Michaëlle Jean
  • Article

    Michelle Douglas

    Michelle Douglas, LGBTQ activist and advocate, humanitarian, civil servant (born 30 December 1963 in Ottawa,ON). Michelle Douglas began a promising career in the Canadian Armed Forces in 1986 but was honourably discharged for being a lesbian. She launched a successful lawsuit against the military that resulted in the end of its discriminatory policy against gays and lesbians. Douglas has gone on to work with numerous charitable organizations and was director of international relations at the Department of Justice. In September 2019, she became executive director of the LGBT Purge Fund.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/MichelleDouglas2Image for guide.jpg Michelle Douglas
  • Article

    Mi'kmaq

    Mi’kmaq (Mi’kmaw, Micmac or L’nu, “the people” in Mi’kmaq) are Indigenous peoples who are among the original inhabitants in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Alternative names for the Mi’kmaq appear in some historical sources and include Gaspesians, Souriquois and Tarrantines. Contemporary Mi’kmaq communities are located predominantly in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but with a significant presence in Quebec, Newfoundland, Maine and the Boston area. In the 2021 census, 70,640 people claimed Mi’kmaw ancestry. In July 2022, the Mi'kmaq language was recognized as the first language of Nova Scotia.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/d2095d26-3fc3-4bf8-9c58-9860557a7e45.jpg Mi'kmaq
  • Article

    Midewiwin

    Midewiwin, or Grand Medicine Society, is a spiritual society found historically among the Algonquian of the Upper Great Lakes (Anishinaabe), northern prairies and eastern subarctic. Once widespread, the Midewiwin became less prevalent after the arrival of Europeans in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, the largest Midewiwin societies are found in parts of Ontario, Manitoba, Wisconsin and Minnesota.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/midewiwin.jpg Midewiwin
  • Article

    Mifflin Gibbs

    Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, politician, judge, diplomat, banker, entrepreneur (born 17 April 1823 in Philadelphia, PA; died 11 July 1915, in Little Rock, AR). Gibbs was a notable figure in both American and Canadian history. In just over a decade in colonial British Columbia, he prospered in business, advocated for the Black community, served as an elected official and helped guide British Columbia into Confederation. Gibbs was the first Black person elected to public office in what is now British Columbia.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/Mifflin-Gibbs.jpg Mifflin Gibbs
  • Article

    Millennials in Canada

    The millennial generation (also known as Generation Y) refers to a cohort of people born roughly between 1980 and 1996, though some have a more restrictive definition (see Population of Canada). Most millennials are children of members of the baby boom generation, a term which refers to those born immediately following the end of the Second World War. Millennials are often compared to and defined by the ways in which they are both a product of, and a challenge to, their parents’s generational traits.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/MillennialsinCanada/Avocado_Toast_Millennials.jpg Millennials in Canada