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  • Article

    Québec solidaire

    Québec solidaire is a progressive, left-wing provincial political party officially formed on 4 February 2006 in Montreal. Its key principles and values are the environment, social justice, feminism, alter-globalization, democracy, pluralism, sovereignty and solidarity. Québec solidaire has ten members in the National Assembly of Quebec, as a result of the 2018 elections, being the third-largest party. The party is represented by the spokespersons Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois and Émilise Lessard-Therrien.

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  • Article

    Parti Québécois

    The Parti Québécois (PQ) is a nationalist (see Francophone Nationalism in Quebec) political party formed in Quebec in 1968 through the merger of the Mouvement souveraineté-association (see Sovereignty-Association) and the Ralliement national. René Lévesque was the PQ’s first leader and held that position until 1985. The party was elected to its first term in office in 1976 and went on to hold two referendums on Quebec sovereignty: one in 1980 and the other in 1995. (See Quebec Referendum (1980); Quebec Referendum (1995).) Since October 2020, the party leader is Paul St-Pierre Plamondon.

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  • Article

    Parti rouge

    Successor of the Parti patriote, the Parti rouge was a radical liberal political party from Canada East (Québec). From the 1840s to Confederation, the party stood in stark opposition to George-Étienne Cartier’s conservative Parti bleu. Fighting for democratic reforms, such as universal suffrage, the party allied with George Brown’s Clear Grits, even forming a coalition government for a few days in 1858. The Parti rouge was never a dominant political force in Canada East, owing to its radicalism and anticlerical attitudes. Following Confederation, which it opposed, moderate members of the Parti rouge merged with the Clear Grits, creating the Liberal Party of Canada.

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  • Article

    Political Party Financing in Canada

    The financial activities of political parties in Canada were largely unregulated until the Election Expenses Act was passed in 1974. Canada now has an extensive regime regulating federal political party financing; both during and outside of election periods. Such regulation encourages greater transparency of political party activities. It also ensures a fair electoral arena that limits the advantages of those with more money. Political parties and candidates are funded both privately and publicly. Election finance laws govern how parties and candidates are funded; as well as the ways in which they can spend money. (See also Canadian Electoral System.)

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  • Article

    Canadian Party System

    Political parties are organizations that seek to control government. They participate in public affairs by nominating candidates for elections. ( See also Political Campaigning in Canada.) Since there are typically multiple groups that wish to do this, political parties are best thought of as part of a party system. This system dictates the way political parties conduct themselves in competition with one another. As of 2015, there were 23 registered political parties in Canada. The five major federal parties are the Liberal Party, the Conservative Party of Canada, the New Democratic Party (NDP), the Bloc Québécois and the Green Party of Canada.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Political party.jpg Canadian Party System

  • Editorial

    Passchendaele: Remembrance of Things Past

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. How does memory speak to us? Each November, over 13 million poppies blossom on the jackets, dresses and hats of Canadians.

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  • Article

    Passenger Pigeon

    The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) is extinct.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/15934b2a-377f-49ac-978c-a9818280f9c0.jpg Passenger Pigeon

  • Article

    Passover in Canada

    Passover (Pesach) is Judaism's spring ritual commemorating the Israelites' liberation from slavery in Egypt, as told in the Haggadah. The celebration is one of three pilgrim festivals and lasts up to eight days (see Religious Festivals).

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  • Article

    Patent

    A patent applies to an invention that is determined to be new, useful and inventive. A patent provides an inventor with the exclusive right to make, use or sell their invention for a certain number of years. When a patent expires, the invention becomes public property. (See also Intellectual Property; Inventors and Innovations.)

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  • Article

    Patriation of the Constitution

    In 1982, Canada “patriated” its Constitution. It transferred the country’s highest law, the British North America Act (which was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867), from the authority of the British Parliament to Canada’s federal and provincial legislatures. The Constitution was also updated with a new amending formula and a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. These changes occurred after a fierce, 18-month political and legal struggle that dominated headlines and the agendas of every government in the country.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Patriation of the Constitution

  • Article

    Patriation of the Constitution (Plain-Language Summary)

    In 1982, Canada patriated (took control of) its Constitution from Britain. An amending formula (a method for making changes) and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms were added. These changes took place after a fierce, 18-month struggle. It dominated the agendas of every government in the country. Patriation was complete when Queen Elizabeth II signed the Constitution Act, 1982 on 17 April 1982. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Patriation of the Constitution. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Patriation of the Constitution.)

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  • Editorial

    Editorial: The Canadian Constitution Comes Home

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In April 1982, as an Ottawa winter turned to spring, Queen Elizabeth II made her eleventh visit to Canada. She had come to make it official. After more than a half-century of trying, Canada would have its own constitution. A Canadian-made constitution was unfinished business from the country’s colonial past. The British North America Act in 1867 set out the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial governments and created the Dominion of Canada. It was, however, a law of the British Parliament, and it could only be amended (changed) by the British. 

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  • Article

    Patriotes

      The Patriotes was the name given after 1826 to the Parti canadien and to the popular movement that contributed to the Rebellions of 1837-38 in Lower Canada.

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  • Macleans

    Patrol with Canadian Troops Outside Kabul

    FROM HIS hilltop perch overlooking the fertile Lalandar Valley, Shaheen is prepared for war. Or perhaps, in his mind, the conflicts that have swept through the mountains around Kabul have not ended.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on October 20, 2003

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  • Article

    Political Patronage in Canada

    Political patronage in Canada is a broad term covering the granting of favours, money, jobs, government contracts or appointments to individuals or corporations in exchange for political or monetary support. Patronage can range from the relatively benign — political campaign members are frequently hired as staff members for elected officials — to outright corruption and fraud. Patronage is linked to lobbying, conflict of interest and corruption and is therefore a politically volatile subject. Though some efforts have been made to discourage patronage, the practice remains a fixture of Canadian political life.

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